This post-impressionist painter helped devise the pointillism technique, in which precise dots are applied as separate colors. When viewed from afar, they result in a seamless, blended scene; up close, they have an almost dizzying effect on the viewer. Here, Seurat illustrates the seaside village of Grandcamp-Maisy in his native France.

Van Gogh, a Dutch post-impressionist, created this piece during his stay at an asylum in Southern France. The scene, executed in short brushstrokes with very thick applications of paint, depicts the view from the window of his asylum room. He focused on a bright yellow morning star viewed just before sunrise. 

The subject matter of this oil painting was unlike anything the artist had done before—leading some to claim it was a forgery. Rousseau, who was largely self-taught, was a student of primitivism, which focuses on non-Western themes. The desert scene depicts a sleeping woman dressed in Eastern costume with a wandering lion behind her. The moonlight in the background gives the piece a dreamlike quality.

Cézanne influenced cubism, fauvism and a generation of artists including Henri Matisse. His still lifes employ small brushstrokes and a palette of colors to build a complex, shallow field around the subject. The tilted edge of the fruit dish here is slightly curved, providing an altered perspective.  

At just 9.5 x 13 inches, this painting is quite small—but remains a prime example of Dalí’s technical skill. The Spanish surrealist once claimed to work in a hallucinatory state, which would explain the melting clocks, dripping watches and ants in the piece. Dalí said he was inspired instead by the sight of Camembert cheese melting in the sun.